The suspended ileal loop for difficult Hartmann's reversal.

BACKGROUND: Hartmann's reversal can be complicated by the presence of dense adhesions in the upper part of the abdominal cavity, difficulties in freeing the splenic flexure with the risk of splenic tears, a lack of sufficient colonic length, the risk of ureteral lesion, or the risk of lesions of the vascular arcade. METHODS: We propose a technique which consists of interposing an adapted segment of ileal loop between the end of the proximal colon and the rectum to restore intestinal continuity. RESULTS: Two patients had Hartmann procedure, the first for a Hinchey stage 4 perforated diverticulitis and the second for a colorectal fistula due to ischemia of the proximal colonic segment. Hartmann's reversal was expected to be difficult, so a suspended ileal loop was used. The outcomes were uneventful, and functional results were satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: A suspended ileal loop could be used as a salvage procedure in some cases of potentially difficult Hartmann's reversal.

Impact of obesity on morbidity and oncologic outcomes after total mesorectal excision for mid and low rectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: A recent meta-analysis showed that obesity increased the conversion rate and postoperative morbidity of rectal cancer surgery, but did not influence pathological results. However, this meta-analysis included patients with cancer of the upper rectum and had many biases. The aim of the present retrospective study was to investigate the impact of obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2, on postoperative morbidity and short- and long-term oncologic outcomes of total mesorectal excision for mid and low rectal cancer in consecutive patients. METHODS: This study included all eligible patients who were operated on for mid and lower rectal cancer between 1999 and 2018 in our hospital. We compared 90-day postoperative morbidity and mortality, and short- and long-term oncologic outcomes between obese and non-obese patients. RESULTS: Three hundred and ninety patients [280 males, mean age 65.7 ± 11.3 years, 59 obese individuals (15.1%)] were included. There was no difference in the 90-day mortality rate between obese and non-obese groups (p = 0.068). There was a difference in the overall 90-day morbidity rate between the obese and non-obese groups that disappeared after propensity score matching of the patients. There was no difference in short-term oncological parameters, with a median follow-up of 43 (20-84) months, and there were no significant differences in disease-free and overall survival between obese and non-obese patients (p = 0.42 and p = 0.11, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity does not affect the 90-day morbidity rate, or short- and long-term oncologic results in patients operated on for mid and lower rectal cancer.

Retrospective analysis of post-mortem findings in Thoroughbreds aged from birth to 18 months presented to a UK pathology laboratory.

Enhanced understanding of reasons for, and timings of, mortality in Thoroughbreds prior to entering race training is warranted to provide insight into this population's health status. The aims of this study were to describe pathologies diagnosed at post-mortem (PM) examination in Thoroughbreds aged from birth to 18 months and investigate associations between age and pathology. Reports from a pathology laboratory in Newmarket, UK, were used to identify eligible cases examined between January 2006 and December 2020. Reported pathologies were extracted and categorised where appropriate. Comorbidities and pathogens identified were reported where available. Associations between age and selected pathologies were assessed using logistic regression. Of 144 eligible Thoroughbreds presented for PM, 137 had an available report and pathologist's diagnosis. Congenital defects were most commonly reported (20%; n = 28/137; 95%CI 15-29), 69% of which (n = 19/28; 95%CI 49-82) were conformational manifestations of developmental orthopedic disease (DOD). Pneumonia was an important pathology (14%; n = 20/137; 95%CI 36-53) during the pre-weaning period, where Rhodococcus equi was identified in 50% (n = 10/20; 95% CI 29-70) of cases. Odds of congenital defects (OR 56.6; 95%CI 7.0-460.0; P < 0.001) were significantly greater in horses aged 0-2 days compared to 4-18 months at PM. Odds of pneumonia (OR 4.3; 95%CI 1.1-1.7; P = 0.04) were significantly greater in horses ages 1-4 months compared to 0-2 days at PM. This study shows that conformational manifestations of DOD are an important contributor to perinatal mortality, and that pathologies reported at PM vary with age in young Thoroughbreds.

Non-invasive metabolomics biomarkers of production efficiency and beef carcass quality traits.

The inter-cattle growth variations stem from the interaction of many metabolic processes making animal selection difficult. We hypothesized that growth could be predicted using metabolomics. Urinary biomarkers of cattle feed efficiency were explored using mass spectrometry-based untargeted and targeted metabolomics. Feed intake and weight-gain was measured in steers (n = 75) on forage-based growing rations (stage-1, 84 days) followed by high-concentrate finishing rations (stage-2, 84 days). Urine from days 0, 21, 42, 63, and 83 in each stage were analyzed from steers with the greater (n = 14) and least (n = 14) average-daily-gain (ADG) and comparable dry-matter-intake (DMI; within 0.32 SD of the mean). Steers were slaughtered after stage-2. Adjusted fat-thickness and carcass-yield-grade increased in greater-ADG-cattle selected in stage-1, but carcass traits did not differ between ADG-selected in stage-2. Overall 85 untargeted metabolites segregated greater- and least-ADG animals, with overlap across diets (both stages) and breed type, despite sampling time effects. Total 18-bile acids (BAs) and 5-steroids were quantified and associated with performance and carcass quality across ADG-classification depending on the stage. Stepwise logistic regression of urinary BA and steroids had > 90% accuracy identifying efficient-ADG-steers. Urine metabolomics provides new insight into the physiological mechanisms and potential biomarkers for feed efficiency.

Ruminal transcript abundance of the centromere-associated protein E gene may influence residual feed intake in beef steers.

A better understanding regarding the mechanisms by which the rumen processes feed may assist us in identifying animals with superior feed efficiency. Studies to evaluate the gene expression of rumen tissue have previously been performed to analyze their relationship with feed efficiency. Continuing this research is critical to determine whether the expression of the genes identified is associated with feed efficiency in additional populations of beef cattle to ensure that they are robust across breed and environment. A previous rumen-transcriptome study on Hereford × Angus steers identified 122 differentially expressed genes (PFDR  < 0.05) associated with residual feed intake (RFI), a measure of feed efficiency. The purpose of our study was to test the most divergent, up- and down-regulated genes in the rumen tissue of an unrelated population of Hereford × Angus steers that included two contemporary groups. A total of 13 genes were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. The centromere-associated protein E (CENPE) gene was expressed in lower concentrations in the rumen epithelium of steers in the more efficient (low RFI) group in both contemporary groups of animals, which was the same as the previous study. In addition, CENPE, a gene involved in chromosome alignment during mitosis, has also been associated with growth traits in cattle and pigs. There was no relationship between the expression of the other 12 genes tested with RFI in the population of steers in this study, which illustrates the importance of validating gene expression data in additional populations.

Efficacy of a solar concentrator to Inactivate E. coli and C. perfringens spores in latrine waste in Kenya.

Alternative sanitation options are needed for effective waste management in low-income countries where centralized, large-scale waste treatment is not easily achievable. A newly designed solar concentrator technology utilizes solar thermal energy to treat feces contained in drums. This pilot study assessed the efficacy of the new design to inactivate microbes in 13 treatment drums under field conditions in Kenya. Three-quarters of the drums contained <1000 E. coli/g of total solids following 6 h of solar thermal treatment and inactivation of thermotolerant C. perfringens spores ranged from <1.8 to >5.0 log10. Nearly all (94%) samples collected from treatment drums achieved thermophilic temperatures (>50 °C) during the treatment period, however this alone did not ensure samples met the WHO E. coli guideline; higher, sustained thermophilic temperatures tended to be more effective in reaching this guideline. The newly designed solar concentrator was capable of inactivating thermotolerant, environmentally-stable microorganisms as, or possibly more, efficiently than a previous design. Additional data are needed to better characterize how temperature, time, and other parameters affect the ability of the solar concentrator to inactivate microbes in feces.

Extradural spinal hydatid cyst causing hindlimb ataxia in a horse.

INTRODUCTION: This case report describes a 13-year-old cob-cross gelding presented for evaluation of recent onset hindlimb ataxia. The gelding had undergone general anaesthesia and tenoscopy of the right hindlimb digital flexor tendon sheath at a nearby clinic three months earlier and had appeared normal at routine post-operative assessments until the sudden onset of neurological deficits. Spinal trauma was suspected initially but radiography and scintigraphy were unremarkable. Due to the severity and progressive nature of the clinical signs the -gelding was subjected to euthanasia. Post mortem examinations (computed tomography, dissection and histopathology) revealed spinal cord compression caused by a single extradural hydatid cyst (Echinococcus equinus), confirmed with PCR, at the level of the 15th thoracic vertebra. This is the first report of a spinal hydatid cyst causing hindlimb ataxia and should therefore be considered a potential differential diagnosis for ataxia in the equine patient.

INTRODUCTION: Ce rapport décrit le cas d'un hongre croisé cob de 13 ans présenté pour l'évaluation d'une ataxie des membres postérieurs d'apparition récente. Le hongre avait subi une anesthésie générale et une ténoscopie de la gaine du tendon du fléchisseur digital du membre postérieur droit dans une clinique voisine trois mois auparavant et avait semblé normal lors des évaluations postopératoires de routine jusqu'à l'apparition soudaine de déficits neurologiques. Un traumatisme rachidien était suspecté au départ, mais la radiographie et la scintigraphie étaient sans particularité. En raison de la gravité et de la nature progressive des signes cliniques, le hongre a été euthanasié. Les examens post mortem (tomodensitométrie, dissection et histopathologie) ont révélé une compression de la moelle épinière provoquée par un unique kyste hydatique extradural (Echinococcus equinus), confirmé par PCR, au niveau de la 15e vertèbre thoracique. Il s'agit du premier cas rapporté d'un kyste hydatique au niveau de la colonne vertébrale causant une ataxie des membres postérieurs et doit donc être considéré comme un diagnostic différentiel potentiel de l'ataxie chez le patient équin.

Association of neutrophil morphology with bacterial isolates in equine tracheal wash samples.

BACKGROUND: Tracheal wash sample neutrophilia is common in lower airway inflammation of various causes; however, relevance of cytomorphological features to culture of bacterial pathogens has not been established. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether the presence of nondegenerate or degenerate neutrophils in tracheal washes is associated with culture of bacteria and, if so, whether this is influenced by age or temporal factors. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Tracheal wash samples submitted to Rossdales LLP from 1/1/2013 to 31/7/2015 were evaluated using set criteria. Neutrophilia and degenerate neutrophilia (graded ≥2/4 on Rossdales cytological scale [0-4]) were analysed in relation to bacterial isolates considered potentially pathogenic in respiratory disease. Statistical analyses included multivariable logistic regression to identify associations between two separate outcomes: 1) the presence of neutrophilia compared with no neutrophilia and 2) the presence of degenerate neutrophilia compared with nondegenerate neutrophilia and four independent variables. RESULTS: Sufficient data for inclusion in the multivariable model for nondegenerate neutrophilia were available from 1100 horses. Culture of potentially pathogenic bacteria was associated with increased odds of degenerate neutrophilia compared with samples with negative culture (OR 4.5, 95% CI 3.1, 6.4, P-value<0.001). Horses over 9 years old had lower odds of having degenerate neutrophilia than those aged 1-3 years (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4, 0.9, P-value<0.02). In the spring/summer, horses had reduced odds of a degenerate neutrophilia compared with winter (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3, 0.7, P-value <0.001). MAIN LIMITATIONS: The study relied on routine laboratory submissions, with no control over sample collection or submitted clinical history. CONCLUSIONS: Cytological evaluation of tracheal washes should include cytomorphological features of the neutrophil response. The presence of degenerate neutrophils, especially in young horses, indicates added value of culture and sensitivity for antimicrobial therapeutics. The absence of degenerate changes, in combination with clinical factors, can help support diagnosis of a nonseptic cause of airway neutrophilia.

Beef steers with average dry matter intake and divergent average daily gain have altered gene expression in the jejunum.

The objective of this study was to determine the association of differentially expressed genes (DEG) in the jejunum of steers with average DMI and high or low ADG. Feed intake and growth were measured in a cohort of 144 commercial Angus steers consuming a finishing diet containing (on a DM basis) 67.8% dry-rolled corn, 20% wet distillers grains with solubles, 8% alfalfa hay, and 4.2% vitamin/mineral supplement. From the cohort, a subset of steers with DMI within ±0.32 SD of the mean for DMI and the greatest (high) and least (low) ADG were chosen for slaughter and jejunum mucosa collection ( = 8 for each group). Dry matter intake (10.1 ± 0.05 kg/d) was not different ( = 0.41) but ADG was greater in the high-gain group (2.17 and 1.72 ± 0.02 kg/d for the high- and low-ADG groups, respectively; < 0.01). A total of 13,747 genes were found to be expressed in the jejunum, of which 64 genes were differentially expressed between the 2 groups (corrected < 0.05). Ten of the DEG were upregulated in the low-ADG group and 54 were upregulated in the high-ADG group. Gene ontology analysis determined that 24 biological process terms were overrepresented ( < 0.05), including digestion, drug and xenobiotic metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. Additionally, 89 molecular function terms were enriched ( < 0.05), including metallopeptidase activity, transporter activity, steroid hydrolase activity, glutathione transferase activity, and chemokine receptor binding. Metabolic pathways (28 pathways) impacted by the DEG ( < 0.05) included drug and xenobiotic metabolism by cytochrome P450, carbohydrate digestion and absorption, vitamin digestion and absorption, galactose metabolism, and linoleic acid metabolism. Results from this experiment indicate that cattle with average DMI and greater ADG likely have a greater capacity to handle foreign substances (xenobiotics). It is also possible that cattle with a greater ADG have a greater potential to digest and absorb nutrients in the small intestine.

Endocannabinoid concentrations in plasma during the finishing period are associated with feed efficiency and carcass composition of beef cattle.

We previously have shown that plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids (EC) are positively correlated with feed efficiency and leaner carcasses in finishing steers. However, whether the animal growth during the finishing period affects the concentration of EC is unknown. The objective of this study was to quantify anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG) in plasma during different stages of the finishing period and identify possible associations with production traits and carcass composition in beef calves. Individual DMI and BW gain were measured on 236 calves ( = 127 steers and = 109 heifers) for 84 d on a finishing ration. Blood samples were collected on d 0 (early), 42 (mid), and 83 (late) of days on study (DOS). Cattle were slaughtered 44 d after the feeding study. Plasma concentration of AEA at 0 DOS was indirectly associated with the G:F ( < 0.01) and directly associated with residual feed intake (RFI; < 0.05) in steers. In contrast, plasma concentration of AEA at 83 DOS was directly associated with the G:F and indirectly associated RFI in heifers and steers ( < 0.01). In addition, AEA concentration at 42 and 83 DOS was positively associated with ADG and DMI ( < 0.01) in heifers and steers. Furthermore, 2-AG concentration at 42 DOS was positively associated with ADG in steers ( < 0.01) and heifers ( < 0.10). Plasma concentration of AEA was positively associated ( < 0.05) with HCW, USDA-calculated yield grade, and 12th-rib fat thickness in heifers, whereas no associations were found in steers. In contrast, 2-AG concentration was not associated with any carcass traits. These results provide evidence that circulating EC change during animal growth and that AEA concentration may be a useful predictor of growth and feed efficiency and, in females, of carcass attributes.

Effects of zilpaterol hydrochloride on methane production, total body oxygen consumption, and blood metabolites in finishing beef steers.

An indirect calorimetry experiment was conducted to determine the effects of feeding zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) for 20 d on total body oxygen consumption, respiratory quotient, methane production, and blood metabolites in finishing beef steers. Sixteen Angus steers (initial BW = 555 ± 12.7 kg) were individually fed at ad libitum intake and used in a completely randomized design. The model included the fixed effects of dietary treatment, day, and treatment × day. Dry matter intake did not differ between the treatments ( = 0.89), but was greater on d 0 than any other day ( < 0.01). Oxygen consumption was not different between treatments ( = 0.79), but was different across day ( < 0.01) on d 7, 14, 21, and 28. Respiratory quotient was less for cattle fed ZH than control ( < 0.01), and also different across day ( < 0.01), being greater on d 7, 21, and 28 than d 3 or 21. Methane production (L/kg of DMI) was greater for steers fed the control vs. the ZH diet ( < 0.01), and it also differed by day ( < 0.01), being greater on d 21 and 28 than d 0, 3, 7, and 14. Nonesterified fatty acids were not different across treatments ( = 0.82), and there was no effect of treatment on ß-hydroxybutyrate concentration ( = 0.45). Whole blood glucose concentrations were not affected by feeding ZH in this experiment ( = 0.76); however, lactate concentrations were reduced by feeding ZH ( = 0.03). Additionally, there was no treatment effect on ɑ-amino-N, blood glutamate, or glutamine ( ≥ 0.16). Plasma NH was not affected by ZH ( = 0.07), but plasma urea nitrogen was reduced by ZH ( < 0.01). Urinary creatinine was increased by steers receiving ZH ( = 0.01), and urine 3-methylhistidine (3-MH) concentrations were normalized to creatinine, the 3-MH:creatinine ratio decreased from d 0 to d 3 in steers fed ZH, and remained less than control steers until d 28. These data provide insight into how ß-agonists alter nutrient partitioning and improve the efficiency of tissue accretion, mainly through decreased muscle protein turnover and altering the catabolic fuel for peripheral tissues.

Relationships between the genes expressed in the mesenteric adipose tissue of beef cattle and feed intake and gain.

Mesenteric fat, a depot within the visceral fat, accumulates in cattle during maturation and finishing and may be a potential source of production inefficiency. The aim of this study was to determine whether the genes expressed in the mesenteric fat of steers were associated with body weight gain and feed intake. Sixteen steers chosen by their rank of distance from the bivariate mean for gain and feed intake were used for this study. Mesenteric fat was obtained and evaluated for differences in gene expression. A total of 1831 genes were identified as differentially expressed among steers with variation in feed intake and gain. Many of these genes were involved with metabolic processes such as proteolysis, transcription and translation. In addition, the Gene Ontology annotations including transport and localization were both over-represented among the differentially expressed genes. Pathway analysis was also performed on the differentially expressed genes. The superoxide radical degradation pathway was identified as over-represented based on the differential expression of the genes GPX7, SOD2 and TYRP1, suggesting a potential role for oxidative stress or inflammatory pathways among low gain-high intake animals. GPX7 and SOD2 were in lower transcript abundance, and TYRP1 was higher in transcript abundance among the low gain-high feed intake animals. The retinoate biosynthesis pathway was also enriched due to the differential expression of the genes AKR1C3, ALDH8A1, RDH8, RDH13 and SDR9C7. These genes were all more highly expressed in the low gain-high intake animals. The glycerol degradation and granzyme A signaling pathways were both associated with gain. Three glycerol kinase genes and the GZMA gene were differentially expressed among high vs. low gain animals. Mesenteric fat is a metabolically active tissue, and in this study, genes involved in proteolysis, transcription, translation, transport immune function, glycerol degradation and oxidative stress were differentially expressed among beef steers with variation in body weight gain and feed intake.

Effect of abomasal butyrate infusion on gene expression in the duodenum of lambs.

A previous study infusing butyrate into the abomasum of sheep produced increased oxygen, glucose, glutamate, and glutamine uptake by the portal-drained viscera. These changes were thought to be partially due to increases in glycolysis and cell proliferation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the duodenum transcriptome of control and butyrate-treated lambs to determine whether genes involved in these pathways were altered. Polled Dorset lambs ( = 9) received a pulse dose of either butyrate (10 mg/kg BW) or an equal volume of a buffered saline solution (1 mL/kg BW) daily at the time of feeding. Lambs were euthanized approximately 4 h after treatment/feeding on d 21, and a sample of duodenal mucosa was obtained from which total RNA was isolated for microarray analysis. A total of 230 genes were differentially expressed ( < 0.05). Pathway analyses performed with the differentially expressed genes revealed glycolysis, fatty acid activation/biosynthesis, UDP-N-acetyl-ᴅ-galactosamine biosynthesis, γ-Linolenate biosynthesis, and mitochondrial ʟ-carnitine shuttle pathways up-regulated by the butyrate treatment. Additionally, expression of functional gene clusters related to mitochondrial function was found to be enriched ( < 0.05) with the butyrate treatment. These data could partially explain the metabolite flux changes that were observed with the butyrate treatment; specifically the increase in glucose uptake and glycolysis pathway upregulation and the increased oxygen uptake and upregulation of mitochondria function-related genes.

The effects of feeding increasing concentrations of corn oil on energy metabolism and nutrient balance in finishing beef steers.

The use of an added lipid is common in high-concentrate finishing diets. The objective of our experiment was to determine if feeding increasing concentrations of added dietary corn oil would decrease enteric methane production, increase the ME:DE ratio, and improve recovered energy (RE) in finishing beef steers. Four treatments were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square ( = 8; initial BW = 397 kg ± 3.8). Data were analyzed using a Mixed model with the fixed effects of period and dietary treatment and random effects of square and steer within square. Treatments consisted of: (1) 0% added corn oil (Fat-0); (2) 2% added corn oil (Fat-2); (3) 4% added corn oil (Fat-4); (4) 6% added corn oil (Fat-6). Dry matter intake or GE intake did not differ across diets ( ≥ 0.39). As a proportion of GE intake, fecal energy loss, DE, and urinary energy loss did not differ by treatment ( ≥ 0.27). Additionally, methane energy produced decreased linearly as corn oil increased in the diet ( < 0.01). No differences were detected in ME loss as a proportion of GE intake ( ≥ 0.98). However, the ME:DE ratio increased linearly ( < 0.01; 93.06, 94.10, 94.64, and 95.20 for Fat-0, Fat-2, Fat-4, and Fat-6, respectively) as corn oil inclusion increased in the diet. No differences in RE or heat production as a proportion of GE intake were noted ( ≥ 0.59) and dry matter digestibility did not differ across diets ( ≥ 0.36). Digestibility of NDF as a proportion of intake responded quadratically increasing from 0% corn to 4% corn oil and decreasing thereafter ( = 0.02). Furthermore, ether extract digestibility as a proportion of intake responded quadratically, increasing from 0% to 4% corn oil inclusion before reaching a plateau ( < 0.01). As a proportion of GE intake, RE as protein decreased linearly as corn oil was increased in the diet ( < 0.01). As a proportion of total energy retained, RE as protein decreased when corn oil increased from 0% to 6% of diet DM ( < 0.01). Similarly, RE as fat and carbohydrate as a proportion of GE intake increased linearly as corn oil increased in the diet ( = 0.05). From these data, we interpret that adding dietary fat decreases enteric methane production and increases the ME:DE ratio, in addition to increasing the amount of energy retained as fat and carbohydrate.

Relationships between inflammation- and immunity-related transcript abundance in the rumen and jejunum of beef steers with divergent average daily gain.

The bovine rumen papillae are in contact with a wide array of microorganisms and the metabolites they produce, which may activate an inflammatory and/or immune response. Cytokines, chemokines and their receptor genes were tested for differential expression in the rumen and jejunum of beef steers with greater and lesser average daily body weight gain (ADG) near the average daily dry matter intake (DMI) for the population. Angus-sired steers (n = 16) were used to represent the greater (ADG = 2.2 ± 0.07 kg/day; DMI = 10.1 ± 0.05 kg/day) and lesser (ADG = 1.7 ± 0.05 kg/day; DMI = 10.1 ± 0.05 kg/day) ADG groups with eight steers each. Rumen epithelium and jejunum mucosal samples were collected at slaughter, and gene expression was evaluated using a commercially available qRT-PCR array containing 84 genes representing chemokines, cytokines and their receptors. None of the genes on the array were differentially expressed in the jejunum of the steers with greater vs. lesser ADG. However, in the rumen, two chemokine genes (CCL11, CXCL5) and one receptor gene (IL10RA) were detected as differentially expressed (P < 0.05). The genes IL1A, BMP2, CXCL12 and TNFSF13 also displayed trends for differential expression (P < 0.10). All of the genes identified were lower in transcript abundance in the greater ADG animals. Thus, greater ADG steers have a lesser inflammatory response in the rumen papillae, which may lead to a more efficient use of nutrients.

Association of preweaning and weaning serum cortisol and metabolites with ADG and incidence of respiratory disease in beef cattle.

The objectives of this experiment were to determine the association of circulating cortisol, lactate, and glucose at, and prior to, weaning with ADG and incidences of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in beef cattle. A blood sample was collected approximately 3 wk prior to weaning and at weaning from genetically diverse steers and heifers ( = 451). Cattle were weighed periodically throughout the study and ADG was calculated for the preweaning period (152 ± 15 d), the receiving period (45 d postweaning), the finishing period (200 d), and total postweaning ADG. Incidences of BRD were recorded and analyzed as a binary trait. Lung lesions were recorded at slaughter. Preweaning serum cortisol concentrations were positively associated ( = 0.040) with receiving ADG and explained 0.74% of the variance of receiving ADG. Preweaning glucose concentrations were positively associated ( < 0.001) with preweaning ADG and negatively associated with receiving ( = 0.003), finishing ( = 0.008), and total postweaning ADG ( = 0.002) and explained 2.0% of the variance in total postweaning ADG. Variation in preweaning serum glucose concentrations could be indicative of variation in milk consumption, and therefore indicate calves receiving less milk grow slower prior to weaning, but experience compensatory gain postweaning. Cattle that were diagnosed with BRD ( = 130) grew slower during the receiving phase ( = 0.004), but total postweaning ADG was not different from cattle not diagnosed with BRD ( = 0.683). Additionally, cattle that were diagnosed with BRD in the feedlot tended ( = 0.062) to have slightly lower preweaning serum glucose concentrations. Using a logistic regression analysis, none of the serum variables measured at or before weaning were predictive of developing BRD ( > 0.180). Weaning serum glucose concentrations tended to be predictive of the presence of lung lesions at weaning ( = 0.060). These data indicate that glucose measured early in life is associated with growth rate, and could indicate that carbohydrate metabolism could contribute to variation in ADG.

Conservation Status of Killer Whales, Orcinus orca, in the Strait of Gibraltar.

Killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the Mediterranean Sea are currently restricted to the Strait of Gibraltar and surrounding waters. Thirty-nine individuals were present in 2011, with a well-differentiated social structure, organized into five pods. Killer whale occurrence in the Strait is apparently related to the migration of their main prey, Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus). In spring, whale distribution was restricted to shallow waters off the western coast of the Strait where all pods were observed actively hunting tuna. In summer, the whales were observed in the shallow central waters of the Strait. A relatively new feeding strategy has been observed among two of the five pods. These two pods interact with an artisanal drop-line fishery. Pods depredating the fishery had access to larger tuna in comparison with pods that were actively hunting. The Strait of Gibraltar killer whales are socially and ecologically different from individuals in the Canary Islands. Molecular genetic research has indicated that there is little or no female-mediated gene migration between these areas. Conservation threats include small population size, prey depletion, vessel traffic, and contaminants. We propose the declaration of the Strait of Gibraltar killer whales as an endangered subpopulation. A conservation plan to protect the Strait of Gibraltar killer whales is urgently needed, and we recommend implementation of a seasonal management area where activities producing underwater noise are restricted, and the promotion of bluefin tuna conservation.

Changes in acyl and total ghrelin concentrations and their association with dry matter intake, average daily gain, and feed efficiency of finishing beef steers and heifers.

Ghrelin is a peptide hormone produced in the gut that is implicated in signaling appetite and regulating dry matter intake (DMI). The objective of this experiment was to determine the change in acyl ghrelin, total ghrelin, and the ghrelin ratio (acyl ghrelin/total ghrelin) over an 84-d DMI and average daily BW gain (ADG) measurement period and to determine the association of those ghrelin measurements with DMI, ADG, ADG:DMI ratio (G:F), and residual feed intake in finishing beef steers and heifers. Blood samples were collected on day 0 and day 83 before feeding and between 0730 h and 1130 h. Samples were analyzed for acyl and total ghrelin using commercially available RIA. DMI in steers was greater during the last 35-d period of the experiment compared with the first 35 d (P < 0.01) and was greater than heifers regardless of period (P < 0.01). Steers had greater acyl ghrelin concentrations on day 0 than heifers, but concentrations decreased by day 83 to equal concentrations in heifers (P < 0.01). Total ghrelin concentrations were lower on day 0 in heifers but increased by day 83 and did not differ from steers on day 83 (P < 0.01). A mixed model analysis was used to determine the association of ghrelin concentrations and ratio with production traits, independent of breed and sire effects. There was an interaction of day 0 acyl ghrelin concentrations with time of sample collection for 84-d DMI (P < 0.01), ADG (P < 0.01), and G:F (P = 0.09), indicating a general positive association of acyl ghrelin with production traits, but the association weakened as time of sample collection increased. The mean ghrelin ratio tended (P = 0.08) to be positively associated with DMI in the last 35-d period. The ghrelin ratio on day 0 interacted with time of sample collection for ADG and G:F (P < 0.05), indicating an overall positive association of the ghrelin ratio with ADG and G:F. Results indicate that ghrelin is associated with DMI, ADG, and feed efficiency of finishing beef cattle, and data lend more evidence that ghrelin is involved in appetite regulation of ad libitum fed cattle.